Punnett Squares

(the punnett square is similar to this)

Today, at the beginnning of the class Mr. Finley checked last nights homework. After we recapped what we learned yesterday for the people who were at Take your daughter/son to work day. (ex. BbGg) Speaking of the eye color....Mr. Finley changed the G eye colors. G is more green/hazel and g is less green/hazel.

Then we went over the homework. The chance for a child with both diseases would be 6.25% (1/16 of the punnett square). The chance for the child to be normal would be 56.25% (9/16 of the punnett square). The chances of the child to have the disease galactosemia is 18.75% (3/16 of the punnett square). The chances of a child getting the disease PKU is 18.75% (3/16 of the punnett square).


OFF TOPIC BUT: POSSIBLE FINAL TEST.....BE PREPAIRED.


Next we were reborn, into a bug called a reebop. Our purpose is to born ourselves. (or make our own traits.) After, we recived worksheets stating the bugs general information. They consist of these genotypes:

• L l-Legs: long or short (all legs are black)






• R r-Eye Color: red or black (the rest of the head is the same color as the body)






• BG BR b- Body Color: blue, red or green. (the g and r are super scripts)






• S s- Spots or No Spots (spots are all black)






• W w-Wings: Wings Or No Wings (All wings are transparent. Color what is under them lightly.)






• C f-Antenne: Curved antennae or feathered antennae. (these are incompletely dominet: they are all brown.)






• X Y- the sex






• H h-yellow head disease recessive and linked to males.

* WE DIDNT GET TO FINNISH....DONT DO IT FOR HOMEWORK*

-TORI FUSCO ROUND 5 <3333

Blood Types

In class today, we started talking about blood types. There's blood type A, B, AB, and O. All the types are different, but all have the same basic structure. Below is a picture of a blood cell. There are different types of blood cells and different parts of a cell.
Types

-Reb Blood Cells: they transport oxygen to, and remove carbon dioxide from, the body tissues

-White Blood Cells: fight infections

Parts

-Platelet: help the blood clot (Ex. you get a cut and it scabs over)
-Plasma: contains salts and different types of protiens

We also learned that there are different blood grouping systems. As I stated in the beguining, there are four types of blood types which go in to groups. The four groups are A, B, AB, and O. The following will show and tell you how they are in these groups.
Group A
In group A, there's A antigens present and B antibodies.

Group B
In group B, there's B antigens present and A antibodies.

Group AB

In group AB, there's A and B antigens present and NO antibodies.

Group O
In group O, there's NO antigens present and A and B antibodies present.

We also talked about people with certain blood types can only recieve blood from someone with a certain blood type. People with certain blood types can only give to other people with certain blood types. Look below for a better example.

Some people may be asking, "Why do we need to know this?" or "What does this matter? I know I'm not going to become a scientist or a science teacher." Well, what if you do become a scientist. You will have to know which blood type will go to which person after a blood drive. If you don't know what blood type the blood is, the wrong blood will go to the wrong person. That person will then have their original blood cells fighting the new blood causing the red blood cells to break and contents leak out which are toxic.

One thing that may be difficult would be figuring out which blood type will work for which person when they distribute the blood. If you need help with this you can study the table above. If you still need more help, go in and ask for extra help or ask Mr. Finley for help.

For more information you can go to the website we used in class today.

www.nobelprize.org/educational/medicine/landstiener./readmore.html

EM.

5th Blog

April 18, 2011

Welcome back to school! Today we began class when Mr. Finley told us that we were going to be tasting the flavor of new gum! Each person chooses a piece of paper which had the flavoring on it. Everybody put the piece of paper in their mouth and wrote down their description. This was my description...

The flavor tasted bitter. It tasted awful and it had an after taste. The flavor was way too strong and didn't even taste like it was supposed to be a flavor of gum.

Then everybody compared what they tasted. Some people said it was bitter and some didn't taste anything at all. Mr. Finley gave us 2 options:

1) Tasted like nothing or just paper

2) It tasted bitter

Most of the class raised their hand for the second option. Then we found out the truth: we were not tasting the new flavor of gum. It was a special chemical (that would not harm us) that only some people can't taste.

Then we answered these questions with our table:

• What is the phenotype?
• What are the genotypes?
• Which trait is dominate?

For the first question we said that the phenotype was being able to taste it or not taste it.

For the second question our table said that the genotype was either BB, bb, Bb, or bB. The b represents the bitter taste.

For the third question we said that being able to taste the chemical was dominate.

BB was homozygus (same thing) dominate- could taste

bb was homozygus (same thing) recessive- could not taste

Bb and bB were heterozygus (different)- could taste

Then, Mr. Finley showed us 4 test tubes of blood. We all agreed that they looked the same. We listed the 4 blood types which are A, B, AB, and O. We are going to learn more about this tomorrow.

-Sara M. :D

Round 5

Wednesday, April 6, 2010

Today,

We were given the following question to answer:

Think about Harry Potter. Think of Hermione and her family, Ron and his family, and Harry and his family. Create Punett squares for the passing of magic traits.

First, we have tofind what gene is recessive, muggle or magical. We used this evidence:

• most people are muggles


• Harry's grandparents and aunt on his mother's side are muggles


• all of Ron's family is magic.

Since most people are muggle, that means muggles are dominant over magic people. This really solves the whole problems. We know know how to show dominant and recessive traitsw for the family's.

Unfortanetly, I can't show the punett squares but we learnt that Harry Potter's parents are:

Dad- mm

Mom- mm

For Hermione's parents:

Dad- Mm

Mom- Mm

And Ron's Parents:

Dad- mm

Mom- mm

Hope it helps to let you understand recessive and dominant genes!

Mark V. 5th time.

Tuesday, April 5th

Punnett square Above

TEST THURSDAY!

Important Vocabulary:

Punnett square- A square used to find the probabilities of genotypes for one person.

Genotype- The makeup of two alleles. (BB, or Bb)

Phenotype- The observable trait of an organism

Homo- Same

Hetero- Different

Heterozygous genotype- Different alleles (Bb)

Homozygous genotype- Same alleles(BB, bb)

First off, we went over Monday's homework that included Punnett squares.

Then, we talked about dominant and recessive genes using Punnett squares. If Corinna cannot curl her tongue, she must have two lowercase or recessive genes (i,i). Her parents would then have two have one dominant and one recessive gene for tongue curling to have a baby that cannot curl their tongue. (I,i)

REMEMBER: A Punnett square is the probability for ONE person.

The upper case letter is ALWAYS the dominant gene.

Use the same letter when talking about the same trait.

Adding dominant or recessive to the end of homozygous (ex. homozygous recessive) will mean the pair is either all recessive or all dominant.

Links:

Yesterday's homework: http://www.npsd.k12.nj.us/20222069133223760/assignments/browse.asp?C=59836&A=400&DomainID=2556&AssignmentID=3247&AssignmentCategoryID=0&Month=0&Year=0

Claudia's EtherPad: http://ietherpad.com/o0OLrTHAiO

Tim Sienko

(5th Round)

HOLLA peoples. Today we handed in our papers about genetics and meiosis. If you havent handed your's in yet, then get it in as soon as possible.

Mr. Finley gave us some vocabulary terms and we had to come up with definitioins. This is what the five guys came up with.

Dominant An allele that needs only one of its type in a homologous pair in order for that gene to be shown in the phenotype.

Recessive An allele that needs two of it type in the homologus pair in order for it to be shown in the phenotype.

Phenotype are the genes that can be observed from the outside.

Genotype all the genes inside and outside that you have but can't see.

When we compare this to the pea soup experiment, we can say...... (look to picture above)

This is because, phenotype is what you can see and you can see the peas texture and color but you can't see its genotype or the homologous pairs in this case. The reason that yellow is dominant is because the probability of getting it is higher. There is a 3/4 chance of getting at least 1 capital Y and a 1/4 chance of getting two lowercase Y's. this is also why green is recessive. There is less of a chance of getting it. The same goes for wrinkled and smooth peas just using R's.

For the rest of class, we discussed the answers to these questions and how they related to the pea soup experiment.

Unfortunately time flew when we were having fun and the period quickly came to a close

Colin Forbes!!!! Round 5

The Pea's Gentic Code

Hey guys! Today is April 1st so HAPPY APRIL FOOL'S DAY! Anyway-when we came in to the class room-Ms.Caroline Schlobohm had a poster on the pea simulation and what happened in our group (Sara M. Elizabeth M. + ME!!) and what we observed. Our group had saw that the wrinkley pea gene can skip a generation. Just like us!!! If you've notices, some of the traits you have might not have come from your parents-but from the generation before your parents-GRANPARENTS!!! Then we talked about the combonation of the R and Y under the pea. Why were the letters in that specific order? Well we discovered that the children PEA's got their R and Y combo's from their parents. Well now ur saying "Well DUHHH!" but there was a pattern in which the Ys and the Rs got split amoung the children and why they were in that kind of order. Well the order is in an organized way! Its like a tree diagram and probability in SCIENCE! Math and science? Together? WOWOWOOWOWOW. Well look at the picture on the side to see how the pea's genetic info got passed from the pea's parents to the children. Just remember when you looking at this picture that the top 2 Y pairs are the parents and the bottom 4 are the children! (**When the line is drawn from one parents Y's to the other-make sure that line is the same color as the new genetic Y code below for the kids. The blue line goes with the blue code. The green line goes with the green Y code-and so on.) Well guess what? Its the same thing for the R's too!! After we were done talking about how some traits in the pea(like wrinkles) can skip a generation we talked about those funny little numbers under the yellow and green peas. What were they? What did they represent?!!?!?!?!? Well-Mr.Finley put the simulation up on the smart board and we observed from the first set of PEA's given to us! We observed that:

• Because of the way the parents are ordered the children are ordered the same way.


• All the rough pea's must have the combination of rr. There is no other combination for the rough pea gene.


• Yellow pea's have atleast one upercase Y


• Y combinations disiffer the pea's colors.


• R combininations disiffer the pea's shape.


• yy=green pea


• rr=rough pea


• there has to be atleast one upper case R for the pea to be smooth

Then we tried proving what we observed in the first part of the PEA simulation was true by breeding a yellow pea and seeing what happened. Then we started to put things together. What does meiosis have to do with this?!?!?!? How do genes and meiosis on common grounds? Well guess what?!!?!!! They are on common grounds. You need the genes to do meiosis!!!!! The Y's from the pea are in the sperm and egg cells! WOW! no way??? Haha. Well when the sperm and egg come together to make the zygote the sperm has 5o% of the DNA and the egg has 50% of the DNA. And when they come together to form the zygote its 100% in the new cell! The Y combonations from the Pea cells are the HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES!!! And the Y combonation's are like the Zygote! Look at the picture for more detail! Holy Moly Maccaroni! What a day in science!! Claudia Lucciola <3333 Round 5!

Samantha's Blog

Heyy guys today we had a sub. We were supposed to read pgs. 101-107. This is section 4.1

Living things inherit traits in patterns-

• During sexual reproduction a cell containing genetic information from the mother and a cell containing genetic information from the father combine into a completly new cell, which becomes the offspring.


• A gene is a unit of heredity that occupies a spacific location on a cromosome and codes for a particular product.


• Heredity is passing of genes from parents to offspring.


• The various forms of the same gene are called alleles.


• An organism's phenotype describes the actual characteristics that can be observed.


• Genotype is the name for the genes an organisms has.


• A dominant allele is one that is expressed in the phenotype even if only one copy is present in the genotype- that is, even if the other allele is an alternative form.


• A recessive allele is one that is expressed in the phenotype only when 2 copies of it are present on the homologs.

Ex. Hair color is determined by multiple genes, can be affected by the environment, and sometimes changes over time. In somecases it has a dominantrecessive pattern similar to that of the eye fold gene. A brown haired mom or dad can have a bloned haired child. The allele for brown hair is dominant.

Answer questions 1-8 on pg 107 after reading this

That is basically it and that is the important stuff!

Samantha Caggiano Peiod 4 4th time

Pea Genetics and Heredity

We started class by going over our homework. The big idea is that we inherit physical and personality traits from our parent and other people in our family. We continued with our pea experiment. If you weren't able to get all the peas the same, you have to continue. If you did, you have to start over. In my group, we started with 2 wrinkled peas,one yellow, and one green. The first four times, we breeded two children that were exactly the same and the last time, we self-breeded one pea. Big Question: WHAT ARE WE DOING? Answer: We're developing a model to predict what the next generation will look like. Sample Prediction for breeding a wrinkled green and a smooth yellow: 2 green, 2 yellow, 2 wrinkled, and 2 smooth.

Science is about:

• Elimanating the wrong answers


• Finding a pattern


• Sharing ideas

It's NOT about being right.

Nobody created all of science.

CC Blog #4

Pea Soup link

Today in class, we went on Mr. Finley's website and we are making a list of everything we see on the pea soup link. Right away we saw peas. The peas are all the same size and color. Some are wrinkled and some different shapes. One group thought they were yellow while others thought they were green. The also thought that the green ones were more wrinkled then the yellow ones. Some are different then others. Everyone in the room has a different simulation. So everyone is looking at different things. Like parents, everyone has different parents so all the kids look different. Lea's group noticed that there is one "odd ball" which means it looks different from the rest. At the top they show the parent peas with two children peas. Underneath the children there are radio buttons, which make them breed. They can self-pollonate. We were talking about how the parents look like the children. We chose peas to breed and predicted what would happen. If we weren't wrong we have to go back and change our hypothesis. We go back untill we get it right. Some of us predict that they will stay the same while others think that there will be a 50-50 split. One group thinks that all of them are going to change in some way. Mr. Finley wants us to play 5 times untill we get it right 5 times in a row. It's important to keep track of what you thought and what actually happened. We think it's a good idea to make a table of your results. Happy testing!

CA - 4th time

http://sonic.net/~nbs/projects/anthro201/exper/experiment.cgi?begin=yes

Monday March 28

Today in cl;ass we continued to do what we did last week. we did the process of Meiosis. we left off at Propahse 2 and started telephase. So for telephase the chromosomes are in bundles far from each other-then line up to seperate. The directors for this phase turned the chromosomes into an x shape. then the picture was taken. Next was Metaphase 2. in this process the directors had spread each group of chromosomes across the side, so they would be facing each other. Since we were running out of people we had to take away one side of the chromosomes so the centriole could pull them apart. Now were on anapahse 2. the directors had done thier job again and had seperated the chromosomes. In telephase 2 the directors had the centrioles remove the spindle fibers so that the chromosomes could smosh up together in big bundled up groups. we finally had fineshed all the phases, and moved on to the next thing in class. miosis and mitosiss are very similar the only difference of them are it is in two. For the rest of class we talked about the zygote form foring fully.the process that we go through to recieve more cells is mitosis. Now that the body continues to go through mitosis every cell will go through it. it has continued now and the boy has become an adolescent. the process we are now on for anormal growing boy is meisos. the meisosis occurs in the testes.- which the sperm cells make and goes through 4 processes. When the male and female perform the delivery method not all is done yet to recieve baby. there about a couple processes. they engage in sexual intercourse to get them in the same place - th sperm has to mix with the egg which is fertilization. if two different sperm cells mix with two different egg cells then you get feternal twins, if they are all the same them they merge and make one sinlge baby. the fertilization occure in the zygote form. then we wrapped up class and all left. Carolina Dimler PERIOD 4 4 round

today we are doing a BIG TIME REVEIW ! we stared by fixing around the room and the tables into a square. then Mr.finley gaves a number up to 5. then he cold out numbers. they went in to the square. then they got portners of 2 and then the 4 of them got to one side of square. then we are got to modle the steps in mitose. we stored in interphase. they were all in the nuclues.

then they did prophase they got together and make X shaped chromosomes and added centerols. after we put ropes and put it on the X shape chromosomes and the spinldol fibers were add too. this is metaphase. the centrioles that shout out sipindoe fibers that are atached and pulled the chomosomesa part.

then the chromosomes go and atached togother and the newe nucles is formed this is anaphase.

then we stored over in meiosis and did the same as mitose interpgase.

then in prophaase we put to of the pair together and made the crosing over and tritrad.

then we got in a line and put the tritrad in the line and add spindol fiders and centriols.this is metaphase.

then they are pulled a part and to the besty think and but they'r hand out in anaphase.

then this is all we did so for the end see mondays blog.

3/24/11 ariel chacon 11:32 roumd4

Wed. March 23

My 1st blog was deleted so i had to start over :(! Today, was s a short period! in class, we talked about crossing over from yesterday. Crossing over is when the chrosomones spilt and take half a piece of each other. in prohase 1, your homlegous pair you connect to them and form a tetard. the picture about crossing over druring meiosis is shwoing how the homlogous pairs changes during each of the stages. Mr. Finley also told us that ><. then he told us to stand on our chairs and he told us if you had brown eyes you died, which is why he asked if you had brown eyes, why did the population decrease? it decrease because most of the students had brown eyes in the class. we went over our homwork and we went to lunch!

-Jodi Bull (4th round) :)

Mitosis and Meiosis

Today in class we talked about the similarities and differences between the process of mitosis and meiosis.

Mitosis
-trying to split chromosomes
-end up with 2 cells
-cells are body cells
-asexual
-body cell-growth and repair

Meiosis
-more steps
-meiosis1 spindle fibers connect to one side of chromosome
-happens because we're splitting homologus pairs
-end up with 4 cells
-cells are gametes
-gametes {sex cells}
-sexual
-2 divisions which gets you 4 cells
-crossing over occurs between homologus pairs

Similarities
-DNA and chromosomes
- meiosis 2 is similar to mitosis {splits chromosomes}
- cell division
-utilize centreols
-envolve eukaryotes
-X shaped chromosomes

Notes

-The point of meiosis is to make a new sperm and egg.
-Girls finish meiosis before we are born and don't go through it again
-Meiosis is in the overes
-For boys it starts at 10-13 and they go through it until they are about 70
-It's in the testies for boys
-Meiosis can happen without having a child present

Crossing Over

Crossing Over is when 2 chromosomes split and take a piece of each other (about a quater) the homologus pairs connect and form a tetrad.This happens in prophase 1. A tetrad is a group of chromotids.

-Allie Mansfield 4th time<3

Mr. Finley's class blog- 3-18-11

Egg cell....................................

sperm cell....................................

Happy friday everyone!!!! Tonights the dance!!!! (just reminding everyone, lol). So now onto science. Our homework was to read the questions on mr. finleys homework page and then write the answer in our notebooks or on the computer. These were the questions:

1. If an egg and sperm cell merge, what can you say about the amount of chromosomes each must have?
It must be 50% percent of chromosomes from each cell (egg and sperm) when they merge so that the daughter cell can have 100% of their chromosomes.

2. How does this relate to a homologous pair of chromosomes? (same kind)
Sara attemped but failed at the answer. It's ok, Sara! she said that half come from the mom and half from the dad chromosomes, but Mr. finley objected. Homologous pairs pair by 2's. He explained this on the board. HALF of your homologous pair comes from the mom (chromosomes), HALF of your homologous pair comes from the dad. Good save, Sara! Once again, a homologous pair is two chromosomes that have the same trait. Chromosomes determine how you look, like your physical traits.

3. Could we start with a normal cell, go through mitosis, and end up with an egg or sperm cell? why not?
No this is not possible. You cannot just get a skin cell to produce a egg cell out of nowhere. Plus, cells can only produce cells that are the same kind as them. When we split two skin cells, we need them to have 100% percent of chromosomes for the two new daughter cells to have 100% of the chromosomes as well. But when we have a sperm and egg cell, we need them to have 50% so when they merge, they will create 100% percent for the new cell.

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

After this, we began reading an article on meiosis. It talked about how flowers are still producing sexually because they self-pollinate and also how diferent mammals and plants reproduce asexually and sexually. Some key terms are:

Haploid- Repeoductive cells containing half of a parent'c chromosomes.

Zygote- Combined sperm and egg cell

Fertilization- process of sperm fertilization of the cell

By the way, Mr. finley added that sexual reproduction and sexual intercoarse are NOT the same thing. (awkward, yes, but nessicary!!)

Now today, (monday) mr finley is away and now we are working on a venn diagram and also a meiosis activity. See you tomorrow Mr. Finley!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

That's all!!!!

- Caroline S. (best student ever) :D
- caroline s :D

3/17/11

The Cell Cycle

First in class, Mr. Finley told us that if we couldn't do the homework from last night because your computers wouldn't open the simulation, you can show him the homework tomorrow. Also, if you can't open the simulation, it works better on older computers.

Paramecium

Next, we discussed with our groups about how a paramecium reproduces. My group said that a paramecium is single-celled and eukaryotic, so the paramecium would go through mitosis. First, there is prophase, which is when chromatin becomes chromosomes and becomes visible, the nuclear membrane breaks down and dissolves, centrosomes become centrials which also move to opposite sides of the cell. Next, there is metaphase. Metaphase is when the centrials create spindlefibers which align the chromosomes at the center of the cell. Then, anaphase is when spindlefibers pull chromosomes to opposite sides of the cell. Lastly, telophase is when a new nucleus forms around chromosomes and the cell starts to pinch closed.

Next, we discussed how we reproduce. We need two parents and the offspring don't look exactly like the parent because it has genetic information from both parents. Also, sexual reproduction and sexual intercourse are commonly mixed up. Remember that sexual reproduction is the actual cells reproducing.

We also learned that....
-sex is just a delivery method that gets the cells where they need to be

-sperm cell- male

-egg cell- female
-other traveling cells are pollen (plants) and spores (fungus)

-sperm cells come from testicles

-egg cells come from ovaries

-zygote- combined cell

When the sperm cell finds the egg, the genetic material combines, it becomes one cell , and the cell continues to grow. When the cell combines, the new cell has 50% of each original cells chromosomes (50+50= 100%).

M.K.B. 4th blog

Today in Mr. Finley's class we finished the rest of the slide shows that are getting graded. After we finished the slide shows, we went over our homework from last we about the two animation videos about mitosis and we had to write a paragraph of which video is better to explain mitosis. we also went over our class work from yesterday.








Questions and answers from school work yesterday.



1. How does binary fizzen relate to cell division?

A: it is a form of asexual reproduction occurring in prokaryotic


3.compare sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction

A: asexual reproduction you look exactly like your parent
in sexual reproduction you look some what like your parents. we don't reproduce asexual reproduction we are sexual reproduction.

these are the only two questions that you need to know.

Importent info about chromosomes

• these are called autosomes which are also chromosomes


• chromosomes go from two lines to an X shape


• l l - sex chromosomes


• when chromosomes are in X shape there special term is called chromotaids - only called this when its in X shape
• chromosome are always in a pair even when there in X form

Reproduction in cell Division

Today in class we are reading pages 88 to 92. We have to answer questions 1 through 6 on page 92.

1) Binary fission relates to cell division because they both reproduce cells.

2) A bud is a process in which an organism develops tiny buds on its body. The buds are formed by the parent cell. This means that the buds genetics are the same as the parent cells genetics.

3) Asexual Reproduction: Sexual Reproduction:
Cell division Cell division and other process
One parent organism Two parent organisms
Rate of reproduction is rapid Rate of reproduction is slower
Offsppring identical to parent Same genetic info as parents






4) No, prokaryotes can not got go through regeneration because they are only single celled and if they are single celled, they will because mitosis die and they can not repair themselves when they are not alive.

5) Binary fission is like mitosis because it has a cell splits and makes new form of itself. The daughter cell is like the parent cell. They are different because mitosis only happens in eukaryotic cells.

6)They have traits there parents dont and vice versa.

Garrett Pope 4th Blog.

in the beginning of class we went on the computers and we started working on our presentations.
Our presentations are about the cell cycle including these parts:
-Interphase (growth, DNA replication, and preperation for cell division)
-Prophase
-Mataphase
-Anophase
-Telophase

On friday we took pictures with our phones after we organized what the cell looks like in each phase, and now we are writing about what happens in each phase.

in INTERPHASE, the DNA duplicates to prepare for mitosis. in interphase the nucleus isnt completely visible.

in PROPHASE, the nuclear membrane dissolves so that you cant see it anymore. the chromotin becomes chromosomes. the centrosome becomes 2 centrials and they move to opposite sides of the cell.

in MEAPHASE, the centromere is connected to the centrials by spindle fibers. the spindle fibers align chromosomes inside the cell.

in ANAPHASE, the paired chromosomes seperate at the kinetochores and move to opposite sides of the cell.

in TELAPHASE, the new membranes form around the daughter nulcei while the chromosomes disperse are not vivible inside the light of the microscope. Cytokenisis can also begin during this stage.

Chromosomes: coiled DNA

Chromatin: uncoiled DNA

ALYSSE MACHALEK (BLOG 4)

Presentations

file://mitosis1/Today in class we started trying something new.
Everyone brought their phones to class,and each group was given a dry erase board,peices of postists, and we are making slide shows of examples of mitosis.
*We also as always have our group leaders.*
The post its were in an order to help us. The cell we are making, is a fruitfly, and each color postit (purple, blue,pink, and yellow) represent chromosomes. The presentation must be from interphase to cytokinesis. First, my group drew a cell, and labled it interphase. We aranged the postits in the nucleus, so the nucleus was very visible. We took a picture with my phone and emailed it to our selfs so we could put it our presentation. We did Prophase, reranged the postits,and took another picture. We repeated the steps, for each stage. While some people are drawing and making the cells, others are making our presentation.

Remember your group leaders, checking for homework, checking the blog calendar, and comenting once a month! (or more)
:)
Natalie (4th)

Mitosis Review

Today in class we went over our answers for the book questions which we did over the past two days. We also confrenced our answers for the extended responce (questions 7 and 8).

For the multiple choice the answers were:

1. D ten hours

2. C 21 hours

3. D 22 hours

4. A DNA replication

5. B 6 hours

6. B metaphase.

We dont go over the answers with Mr. Finley so make sure you contact your group to find out the answer they got!!! Make sure that you use your time vey thoroughly because you never know weather or not you will be handing the work in!!!

The stages of mitosis in order are:

1. Prophase

2. Metaphase

3. Anaphase

4.Telephase

Next we went over what happens in prophase which is the process of chromatin (unraveled chromasomes) becoming chromasomes. Only one other important thing happens, which is the centrasomes become centreals and then they move to opposite sides of the cell. plus only chromatin is visible in the microscope!! So basically, the chromatin becomes chromasomes. Then the nuclear membrane breaks down. And Finally, the centreals go to opposite sides of the cell.

Next we went over Metaphase. The big idea is that the nucleus totally dissapeared and dissolved. And that the centreals have produced spindle fibers connecting to the chromasomes (the centromere to be exact). And there is one last thins that is MOST IMPORTANT THING IN METAPHASE IS: that all the spindle fibes aline the chromasomes to the CENTER on the cell.

After we went over anaphase. So prepair youself, this might be tricky. First thespindle fiber pull apart all the chromasomes to opposte sides of the cell. You can tell the cell is in anaphase by the chromasomes pointing to the center of the cell.

And finally, telephase. A new neculus forms around the chromasomes and the cell begins to pinch apart.

*REMEMBER YOUR GROP LEADERS AND TO COMMENT ON YOUR BLOGS!!!

-V.F. (tori fusco)

Splitting Up Into Groups

Mr. Finley is splitting us into different groups.

Group 1: Complete pg. 97

Group 2: At the front reviewing worksheet and look at cells.

Group 3: Completing simulation and taking notes. - 1. go to cellsalive.com 2. click on mitosis 3. write important steps for each stage write key terms

I am in group 1 right now...

1) How long does the growth phase of the cell cycle take?

2)How much time does the cell cycle spend in Interphase?

3)What total length of time it takes for the skin cell to complete 1 full cell cycle?

4) What phase of the cell cycle takes about 8 hours?

5)Suppose another type of skin cell takes 44 hours to complete one cell cycle. If all of the phases are proportional to the length of time shown in the diagram, how long will the preperation for the cell division phase last?

6) According to the diagram, what is the 2nd stage of mitosis?

Answer Key:

1) D- 10 hours

2) C- 21 hours

3) D- 22 hours

4) A- DNA Replication

5) B- 6 hours

6) B- Metaphase

7) We can account for these numbers because the cell spends the most time in interphase. So more cells will be in inter[hase. Then since it takes less time for mitosis to happen less cells will be in mitosis.

8) You could use an onion root and put it in different temperatures.

Now I am in group 2...

1) Why would we expect the onion root to be dividing?

We said the onion root would be dividing because it needs to grow so it can gather more water for the plant.

2)What are the dyed objects inside the cell?

Chromosomes.

3) Is there evidence of cellular division?

Yes because you see that the chromosomes are in different phases and in different places and that means that they are going through the different cycles and in the different phases they look different.

We didn't finish all of it so the other info on the other group will be posted tomorrow...

R.K. (4th time)

Monday, March 7, 2011

Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase

Remember to know your group leader!

Today we went straight to the lab. The lab was looking at a onion root under the microscope and answering some questions. In this lab, the point is to look at the chromosome arangements and trying to see the different stages of cell divisio0n. Here are the questions and their answers:

1. You are looking at the cross sectional of the tip of an onion root. Why might you expect an onion root tip have cells that are dividing?

The cells might divide so that the root can dig deeper and hold the onion in the ground. So really it is for growth.

2.Find and look at all three of the slices breifly. What are the dyed objects inside of the cell?

The dyed objects in the cell are the nuclei.

3. Is there evidence of cellular division? Explain.

Yes, some nuclei are darker than the others because the cell is going through mitosis. They are darker because the chromosomes are beginning, and are, visible.

4. Draw at least 4 different cells at what you'd call "different stages." Only draw ONE cell in each box and label the stage.

See Above

5. Explain why you believe the cell is in each stage.

Interphase: We think this one is in interphase because the necleus cannot be seen and during the interphase the nucleus cannot be seen.

Pro phase: We think this one is in prophase because the chromosomes can be seen.

Metaphase: We think this one is in metaphase because the chromosomes are lined up the middle.

Anaphase: We think this one is in Anaphase because the Dna is on either side fo the cell.

There's the lab! If you didn't finish it in class, yopu have to finish it for homework.

Mark V. 4th time

Period 4 Microscopes Friday, March 4

Do you know who your group leader is?
Mr. Finley started something new and now each group MUST have a group leader!!!

We went over the questions we did on Tuesday.

Question answers
3.1

1. Cell division is important becasue it helps multi-cellular orgainisms to grow develop and repair. Single-celled organisms use cell division to reproduce.
2. Genetic material in cells is orgainized and contained in the DNA in the nucleus. It contains the cells information for the organisms growth and functions.
3. Cell division is involved in growth, development ,and repair of an organism. In growth the cells grow until they no longer can and split off to create new cells. In develompment the cells develop special characteristics from the cell it split from. When cells repair they replace the old ones with the new ones.
4. DNA compacts before eukaryotic cells divide. The chromosones get compacted around a spool. The chromosones compact more and more and once they've compacted a lot they can be visible under a microscope.
5. Injuries to the skin heal faster because the skin cells heal faster than the cells in your brain.
6. MR. FINLEY DIDN'T GO OVER!!
   

3.2

1. The two main parts of the cell cycle are interphase and mitosis.
2. The cell is growing for mitosis preperation.
3. The genetic material in 2 daughter cells is similar to the genetic material in 2 parent cells because the the daughter cell broke from the parent cells causing them to both have the same genetic materials and characteristics. Ex. Mother and father dog compared to their litter of puppies.
4. First, prophase. Second, metaphase. Third, anaphase. And fourth, telophase.
5. Animal Both Plant
   *Membrane pinches *Divide *Wall splits
6. MR.FINLEY DIDN'T GO OVER THIS ONE!!
   

We then used the microscopes. We looked at the tip of an onion root. Here is an example of what we saw:

Mr. Finley then gave us a sheet to do about what we saw. Here are the questions asked on the sheet.

1. You are looking at cross-sectional slices of the tip of an onion root. Why might you expect an onion root tip have cells that are dividing?
2. Find and look at all three of the slices briefly. What are the dyded objects inside the cell?
3. Is there evidence of cellular division? Explain.
4. Draw at least 4 different cells at what you will call "different stages". Only draw ONE cell in each box and label the stage.
5. Explain why you believe the cell is in each stage.

The bell rang while we were still working but Mr. Finley said we didn't have to finish it. You could if you want to.

E.M. 4th time around

March 3,2011

Today we began class by answering the following questions. (I included my goup and classes responses)
Example of a Eukaryotic One Celled Organism-1) paramecuim
2) euglena
Example of Multi Celled-
1) Sunflower
2) Sara
3) Dog
* be specific about your examples

Which of the examples above would use mitoses to grow/develop/repair/cells? Why?
Only multi cellular organisms use mitoses because if a single celled organism splits and creates more then it isn't a single celled organism anymore because SINGLE celled means only one cell. Mitoses is the process of the nucleus divideing. If we destroy every cell in our body then we can't survive becuase we are designed to have multi cells and single celled organisms are metn to have 1 cell. A dog will use mitoses to grow and repair itself if it gets hurt. Also, humans will repair themselves if they get cut. They use it to grow too. ex. newborn--> toddler--> child--> tween--> teenager--> adult-->senior
How would the other use mitoses?
The single cell organism would use it to reproduce.
What would be true about the two resulting cells?
They all are exactly the same. If we looked at multiple cheek cells they would look the same.

Extra notes
*differeent types of cells look different becuase they are designed to do different things
4 stages of mitoses
1) prophase
2)metaphase
3)anaphase
4)telophase
3 big parts of the cell cycle
1) interphase (longest stage)
2) mitoses
3) cytokenisis (shortest stage)
cytokenisis is the actually process of splitting
chromosome is coiled up DNA(if it was uncoiled it would be called cromotin)
****************CHROMATID- EACH OF THE SIDES OF A CROMOSOME***********
-SARA M 4th round blog

A chromosome in its "x" form.

March 2, 2011, Period 4 Blog

First off, Mr. Finley gave us credit for the work we did while he was absent. Then, we had a chance to ask some questions. Below is the information gathered from the question and answer session:

Cell Division

- Chromosomes are formed by two DNA strands going directly next to each other forming an "x" shape. At the center of the "x" is a dot which is called the centronene or the kineticore.

- Microtubleores- strands that pull off a DNA strand from the chromosome.

- Spindlefiber- same as microtubleores

- Chromotin- Unraveled DNA

- DNA is raveled up within the chromosome.

- Mitosis is the process in which the cells divide and the DNA is transferred to the two new daughter cells.(Prophase to Telopahse)We go through mitosis for development and repair.

- Cytokinesis- The cell memberane opens and the cells are two different cells now. (the ripping apart of the two new daughter cells)


By Tim Sienko (4th round)

Hola everyone. Today, Mr. Finley, was out but thats ok because we still were able to get a lot done. We got a heads start on out next unit cellular reproduction. Mr. Finley provided us with an online lab and our instructions were to take notes on it. It talked about the fact that growth in an organism is carefully controlled by regulating the cell cycle. Also it said that in plants the roots continue to grow as they search for water and nutrients.

Cellular reproduction has 5 phases.

Interphase is when the cell is engaged in metabolic activity and performing its duty as part of a tissue.

Prophase is when chromatin in the nucleus begins to condense and become visible in the light microscope as chromosomes.

Metaphase is when spindle fibers align to chromosomes along the middle of the cell nucleus.

Anaphase is when the paired chromosomes separate at the connectors and move to the opposite side of the cell.

Telophase is when the new membranes form around the daughter nuclei while the chromosomes disperse and are no longer visible under the light microscope.

So, After that we copied a table that I unfortunately cant place on this blog. :( But still, we got a good understanding of what is ahead in class.

Thursday February 17th

We played a review game to get ready for test tomorrow. Have a nice break.

-Tim S.

Protein Synthesis-Translation+Transcription

Hello! Today we took out our homework and Mr.Finley looked it over. Make sure you looked at the transcription video for homework!!! If you watched the wrong video, make sure you go back and watch the right video and take any notes you might need!
GUESS WHAT!!!! MR.FINLEY MOVED OUR TEST TO FRIDAY!! YAYAYAYAYYAYAYAY THANK YOU! BUT: The Study Session is going to stay THURSDAY morning at 7:00-7:40!! Don't get the days confused!
NOW lets start the SCIENCE!

The homework Video Summary:

Transcription is the process in which RNA is assembled from a DNA’s template. The double helix is joined together by bonds between complementary based pairs. DNA encodes genetic information in the sequence of bases on one strand. The portion of the DNA molecule that is a single gene, or coding region, is founded by termination promoter sites. A molecule of RNA and race binds to the promoter site. It moves along the DNA separating the two strands of the double helix. Each unpaired base, now will bind to a nuclei tide in the vicinity witch each has the appropriate, complementary base. In the synthesis of RNA Uracil is the nuclei tide complementary to adenine. This process stops when the RNA and races reaches the termination site. The DNA strands bind together once again as the new RNA molecule moves away. This RNA is a copy or a transcript of the message carried in the gene.

Process Map From Homework:

Part 1:
In the nucleus...
(Transcription)

1. DNA unzips


2. Nuceotides(floating around) connect to one side of the unzipped DNA


3. mRNA is made(copy of gene)


4. mRNA leaves and DNA re zips


5. Leaves the nucleus through pores

Part 2:

mRNA heads to Ribosomes on Endoplasmic Reticulum...

(Translation)

1. mRNA joins with Ribosomes


2. Ribosomes needs message. 1 codon at a time. CODON-3 nucleotides.


3. tRNA(that match the codon from mRNA) brings the amino acids to ribosomes.


4. Takes the amino acids


5. Repeats the process and connects all the amino acids to form a protein.

Class discussions:

-When your replicating a DNA then your copying all of the DNA, the whole DNA.

-When your transcribing a DNA then your copying one part of the DNA; like the gene that colors your hair.

-We use mRNA to make proteins and we use proteins for EVERYTHING.

Why do we need to replicate our DNA?
We need to replicate our DNA because when you have new cells they need new DNA and they need that new DNA to know what to do like healing a wound.

-We break down proteins in to amino acids. We need the amino acids to create new proteins.

-Molecules make up amino acids

After we wrote everything on the smart board and had our class discussions about DNA the bell rang and we were off to lunch!

Vocabulary you might want to know:

• mRNA-Messenger RNA


• tRNA-transfer RNA


• Codon-3 nucleotides

CL<3>

2/16/11

February 15, 2011

First, we took a look at the homework. We went to the site with the stimulation.
We talked about how the DNA copies and creates a RNA. But what happens to the unzipped DNA? It rezips. In other words, the DNA zips and makes an RNA in the process we saw in the stimulation. Then the DNA goes back and rezips to the other DNA strand. Then the RNA leaves the Nucleus. This first part is called a transcription. Another question arose. What does your body do to heal a cut? New skin cells. These new cells need the DNA and so the old cells replicate and make new DNA. Next we started talking about translation. Amino acids make protiens from the RNA strand. They are made from molecules which is made from atoms. A series of three nuclietides is called of a codon or code. That code refers to a amino acid. Mr. Finley showed an example of the word "Black Block" on the board and our minds interperet it as a real black block. The code refers to the amino acid needed. So lets go back to the activity with the tables and the message. just like the message, the DNA cannot leave the nucleus. so it transcribes the DNA and makes mRNA which takes the transcription to the Ribosomes which translates it and says which amino acid to use to create protiens. This is why there is a rough endoplasmic reticulum buy the nucleus, because there is ribosomes for Protein production. After the ribosome has read the mRNA, it needs the amino acids which are transfered by the transfer RNA.
Here's the stimulation page: http://learn.genetics.utah.edu/content/begin/dna/transcribe/
-Mark v.

Sam's Blog!

Today in class we went over our homework. Also here is a reminder!- TEST THURSDAY! Study Study Study!!!!
Protin does everything! Ex. If you wear contacts you have to put them in solution to get more protin.

• DNA Replication- When a cell reproduces, some parts can simply divide.
  


• The longest stage in the cell cycle is interphase.
  


• A DNA molecule is made up of nucleic acid building blocks called Nitrogen Bases.
  


• During replication, the DNA molecule "unzips". The base pairs separate.
  


• Protein Synthesis Recall that proteins play an important role in cells and in multicellular organisms.
  


• Protein Synthesis is another important process that takes place throughout interphase.


• At the ribosome, mRNA pairs up with molecules of transfer RNA.


• Each piece of tRNAbhas three bases and carries a spacific amono acid.


• Proteins are made in a cell's ribosomes. Protein synthesis involves several stages. First, the genetic information from the nucleus has to be carried to the ribosomes. This is done by a molecule called messenger RNA ( mRNA).
• Replication
• RNA uses uracil
• RNA does not use thymine but DNA does
• RNA has different backbone then DNA
• DNA ( DXY ribose)
• RNA is only a copy
• DNA is actual instructions
• RNA is transcription and DNA is replication
• SIngle is RNA (sugar strand)
• Double sugar strand is DNA

By Samantha Caggiano <3>

DNA

Today in class we finished the experiment from yesterday which was when we had groups and one group had to transfer a message to a table and the table that recieved the message had to translate it and another group had to read it aloud, an another group was giving messages to another table that wasn't aloud to talk. Some questions that we answered are

What part of the cell was group A?
Some groups thought it was the nuclues and the cell membrane. People thought it was hte cell membrane because it sends the information to another part. People thought it was the nucleus because it stores the DNA, in this case would be the message.

We also took notes:
- chromitin is the picutre in my blog
- DNA stands for Deoxynnbo nuclic acid
- in DNA there is also a chromiton
- the sugar backbone is a twisted ladder known as a double helix
- adenine thymine cytosine guanine are the four nucleic acids
- the order of nucleic acid tells us a code

-Allie Mansfield

In class to day we started by going over the questions from the book. We said that the chemicl energy is ATP. Aways know that food is gluscose and gluscose not the chemicl energy. we get the sun energy from the plants. So plants need the sun becouse with out the sun they could not make oxgyen and we could not make the carbon dioxide so the plaint would die. The stating materials for photosynthesis are oxgyen and gluscose. We let out the energy from the gluscose. If you did not eat you do not grow and you do not get the energy. So plaints would die if they did not have oxygen the would not make sugar and would not eat and would not grow and get energy. So as the grow they need more energy and more oxgyen to make the food. breathing and in cellular respiration are then same because think use oxygen and to reales energy store in the sugar such as givscose. then we played a game. there were 6 poeple in the big tables. then 4 at the front table. they had to get a message to the other tables. then the other poelpe walked around but could not ask questions. then my group had to hide a code. then we tryed to pass the code around to dise code the code. to make it make sense. we id not get to finsh all we got was WE ARE LEARNING

Cells Capture and Release Energy

Today we have a substitute and we hy ave to read 2.2 page 47 in our book. What we read was that...
Animal cells get energy from food, while plant cells get energy from sunlight. All cells use chemical energy. Chemical energy is the energy stored in the bonds between atoms of every molecule. A major source for most cells is stored in a sugar molecule called glucose. You need food energy to run, walk and even sleep. When you run, muscle cells realease chemical energy from glucose to move your legs.

Some cells capture light energy.
The source of energy for almost all organisms ultimatly comes from sunlight. PLants change the energy in sunlight into a form of energy their cells can use- ---the chemical energy in glucose. Photosynthesis is the prosses that plant cells use to change the energy from sunlight into chemical energy. Photosynthesis takes place in plant cells that have chloroplasts. Chloroplast contains chlorophyll, a light absorbing pigment or colored substance that traps the energy in sunlight. The prosses of photosynthesis involves a series of chemical steps. An exsample... 6CO2+6H2O-->C6+H12+O6+6O2.
1. The starting materials of photosynthesis is carbon dioxide and water. The plant takes in carbon dioxide from the air and water from the soil.
2. The process takes place when carbon dioxide and water enters the plants chloroplasts. Chlorophyll captures energy from sunlight which is used to change carbon dioxide and water into new products.
3. The products of photosynthesis are oxygen and sugars such as glucose. The plant releases most of the oxygen to the air as a waist product and keeps the glucose for its energy needs.

Cellular Respiration, cells use oxygen to release energy stored in the sugars such as glucose. In fact, most of the energy used by the cells in your body is provided by cellular resporation. Mitochondria is used in cellular respiration, but chloroplasts is used in photosynthesis. Fermentation is the process by which cells release energy without oxygen. There are two types of fermentation, alcoholic and lactic acid fermentation. Some bacteria release energy through lactic acid fermentation. .......................CA





http://www.funsci.com/fun3_en/exper1/exper1.htm